A na-eji osisi atọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ karịa eme plywood jikọtara ya na nrapado.Igwe osisi, ma ọ bụ ply ọ bụla, na-adaberekarị na ọka ya na-agba ọsọ n'akụkụ aka nri n'akụkụ oyi akwa dị n'akụkụ iji belata mbelata ma melite ike nke mpempe akwụkwọ a rụchara.A na-apịnye ọtụtụ plywood n'ime nnukwu mpempe akwụkwọ dị larịị nke e ji arụ ụlọ.Enwere ike ịmepụta iberibe plywood ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ dị mfe ma ọ bụ ngwakọta maka eji na ngwá ụlọ, ụgbọ mmiri, na ụgbọ elu.
Ojiji nke obere osisi dị ka ụzọ isi wuo ihe ruru ihe dịka 1500 BC mgbe ndị omenkà Ijipt jikọtara iberibe osisi ebony gbara ọchịchịrị na mpụta igbe osisi cedar a chọtara n'ili Eze Tut-Ankh-Amon.Ndị Gris na ndị Rom mechara jiri usoro a rụpụta arịa ndị mara mma na ihe ndị ọzọ eji achọ mma.N'afọ ndị 1600, a bịara mara nkà nke ịchọ mma ngwá ụlọ na obere osisi ndị dị mkpa dị ka veneering, a bịara mara akụkụ ndị ahụ n'onwe ha dị ka veneers.
Ruo n'ọgwụgwụ 1700s, e ji aka na-egbutu iberibe ihe ndị ahụ.Na 1797, onye England bụ Sir Samuel Bentham tinyere akwụkwọ maka patent na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ igwe iji mepụta veneers.N'ime ngwa patent ya, ọ kọwara echiche nke iji gluu na-asachapụ ọtụtụ akwa akwa akwa ka ọ bụrụ nke buru ibu - nkọwa mbụ nke ihe anyị na-akpọ ugbu a plywood.
N'agbanyeghị nke a mmepe, ọ were fọrọ nke nta ọzọ narị afọ tupu laminated veneers hụrụ ọ bụla azụmahịa ojiji n'èzí nke ngwá ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ.N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1890, a na-ebu ụzọ rụọ osisi ndị a kpara akpa iji wuo ọnụ ụzọ.Ka ọchịchọ ahụ na-etowanye, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ malitere imepụta mpempe akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ osisi a kpara akpa, ọ bụghị nanị maka ọnụ ụzọ, kamakwa maka iji n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè, bọs, na ụgbọ elu.N'agbanyeghị ojiji a na-amụbawanye, echiche nke iji "osisi pasted," dị ka ụfọdụ ndị omenkà ji mkparị kpọọ ha, kpalitere ihe na-adịghị mma maka ngwaahịa ahụ.Iji gbochie ihe oyiyi a, ndị na-emepụta osisi ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ezute ma mesịa dozie okwu ahụ bụ "plywood" iji kọwaa ihe ọhụrụ ahụ.
N'afọ 1928, ewebata mpempe akwụkwọ plywood nke mbụ 4 ft site na 8 ft (1.2 m site na 2.4 m) na United States maka iji dị ka ihe eji ewu ụlọ.N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, mma nrapado na ụzọ ọhụrụ nke mmepụta kwere ka a na-eji plywood mee ihe maka ngwa dị iche iche.Taa, plywood dochie osisi ndị e gbuturu maka ọtụtụ ihe owuwu, na imepụta plywood aghọwo ọtụtụ ijeri dollar, ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
A na-ama ọkwa elu nke plywood n'otu n'otu dị ka ihu na azụ.Ihu bụ elu nke a ga-eji ma ọ bụ hụ ya, ebe azụ na-anọgide na-ejighị ya ma ọ bụ zoo.A na-akpọ oyi akwa etiti dị ka isi.N'ime plywood nwere plies ise ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-akpọ ihe ndị dị n'etiti etiti dị ka crossbands.
Enwere ike iji osisi siri ike mee plywood, osisi softwood ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ ahụ.Ụfọdụ osisi siri ike na-agụnye ash, maple, mahogany, oak, na teak.Osisi softwood a na-ejikarị eme plywood na United States bụ Douglas fir, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ụdị pine, cedar, spruce, na redwood.
Plywood agwakọtara nwere isi nke e ji particleboard ma ọ bụ iberibe osisi siri ike ejikọta ọnụ na nsọtụ.Ejiri ihu na azụ plywood mechaa ya.A na-eji plywood agwakọta eme ihe n'ebe a chọrọ nnukwu mpempe akwụkwọ.
Ụdị nrapado a na-ejikọta akwa osisi ọnụ na-adabere na ngwa a kapịrị ọnụ maka plywood emechara.Mpempe akwụkwọ plywood Softwood emebere maka ntinye na mpụta ihe owuwu na-ejikarị resin phenol-formaldehyde dị ka nrapado n'ihi ike ya dị mma na iguzogide mmiri.Mpempe akwụkwọ plywood Softwood emebere maka ntinye n'ime ime ụlọ nwere ike iji protein ọbara ma ọ bụ nrapado soybean, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejizi otu resin phenol-formaldehyde nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ime ime ụlọ softwood.A na-ejikarị urea-formaldehyde resin eme plywood siri ike nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ime ime na n'ịrụ ụlọ.
Ngwa ụfọdụ chọrọ mpempe akwụkwọ plywood nwere obere akwa plastik, ígwè, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ resin-pregnated ma ọ bụ akwa jikọtara ma ọ bụ ihu ma ọ bụ azụ (ma ọ bụ abụọ) iji nye elu elu ahụ ọzọ iguzogide mmiri na abrasion ma ọ bụ iji melite agba ya. na-ejide ihe onwunwe.A na-akpọ plywood dị otú ahụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ihe owuwu, ụgbọ njem, na ọrụ ugbo.
Enwere ike iji ntụpọ mmiri kpuchie mpempe akwụkwọ plywood ndị ọzọ iji mee ka elu ahụ pụta ìhè, ma ọ bụ enwere ike iji kemịkalụ dị iche iche gwọọ ya iji meziwanye nguzogide ọkụ nke plywood ma ọ bụ iguzogide ire ere.
Enwere klaasị abụọ sara mbara nke plywood, nke ọ bụla nwere usoro grading nke ya.
A maara otu klas dị ka ihe owuwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.A na-eji plywood dị na klaasị a nke ọma maka ike ha, a na-egosikwa ya site na ike ikpughe ha na ọkwa nke veneer eji na ihu na azụ.Ike mkpughe nwere ike ịbụ ime ma ọ bụ mpụta, dabere n'ụdị gluu.Nrịgo veneer nwere ike ịbụ N, A, B, C, ma ọ bụ D. N grade nwere ntụpọ dị n'elu dị ole na ole, ebe ọkwa D nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ eriri na nkewa.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-enye plywood nke a na-eji eme ihe n'okpuru ala n'ime ụlọ "CD dị n'ime ụlọ".Nke a pụtara na ọ nwere ihu C nwere azụ D, na gluu dabara adaba maka ojiji na ebe echedoro.A na-eme plywood dị n'ime nke ihe owuwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe site na ọkwa C ma ọ bụ D veneer, n'agbanyeghị ọkwa ahụ.
A maara klas nke ọzọ nke plywood dị ka osisi siri ike na ịchọ mma.A na-eji plywood dị na klaasị a mee ihe maka ọdịdị ha ma na-agbadata n'usoro nke iguzogide mmiri dị ka Technical (Mpụga), Ụdị I (Mpụga), Ụdị II (Interior), na Ụdị III (Interior).Ihe mkpuchi ihu ha enweghị ntụpọ.
Nha
Ibé akwụkwọ plywood dị na ọkpụrụkpụ si.06 inch (1.6 mm) ruo 3.0 inch (76 mm).Ọkpụrụkpụ kachasị dị na 0.25 na (6.4 mm) ruo 0.75 na (19.0 mm).Ọ bụ ezie na isi, crossbands, na ihu na azụ nke mpempe akwụkwọ plywood nwere ike ịbụ nke ihe mkpuchi dị iche iche nke ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche iche, ọkpụkpụ nke ọ bụla aghaghị ịkwado gburugburu etiti.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihu na azụ ga-abụrịrị nha nha nha.N'otu aka ahụ elu na ala crossband ga- hà nhata.
Nha a na-ahụkarị maka mpempe akwụkwọ plywood a na-eji arụ ụlọ bụ 4 ft (1.2m) n'obosara na 8 ft (2.4 m) ogologo.obosara ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị bụ 3 ft (0.9 m) na 5 ft (1.5 m).Ogologo dị iche iche site na 8 ft (2.4m) ruo 12 ft (3.6 m) na 1 ft (0.3 m) gbakwunyere.Ngwa pụrụ iche dị ka iwu ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịchọ nnukwu mpempe akwụkwọ.
Osisi ndị a na-eji emepụta plywood na-adịkarị obere na dayameta karịa ndị a na-eji emepụta osisi.N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a kụrụ ha ma too na mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ plywood nwere.A na-ejikwa nlezianya jikwaa ebe ndị a iji mee ka osisi na-eto eto ma belata mmebi site na ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ.
Nke a bụ usoro arụmọrụ maka ịhazi osisi ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ 4 ft site na 8 ft (1.2 m site na 2.4 m) plywood:
A na-ebu ụzọ kpochapụ osisi ndị ahụ wee bee n'ime ngọngọ peeler.Iji gbutuo ihe mgbochi ndị ahụ n'ibe nke veneer, a na-ebu ụzọ gbanye ha wee kpoo ya n'ime ibe.
1 A na-akara osisi ndị ahọpụtara na mpaghara dị ka ndị dị njikere igbutu, ma ọ bụ gbutuo.Enwere ike iji ụdọ ígwè na-arụ mmanụ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ nnukwu mma nke hydraulic nke a na-etinye n'ihu ụgbọ ala nwere ụkwụ a na-akpọ ndị na-efe efe.A na-ewepụ akụkụ ahụ n'osisi ndị dara n'osisi agbụ.
2 A na-eji ụgbọ ala ndị a na-akpụ akpụ a na-akpọ skidder na-adọkpụ ogwe osisi ndị a kpara akpa, ma ọ bụ osisi, gaa n'ebe a na-ebu ibu.A na-egbutu osisi ndị ahụ ogologo ma na-ebunye ya na gwongworo maka njem a na-eji akwa akwa, bụ ebe a na-ekpokọta ha n'ime ogologo ikpo osisi a maara dị ka osisi osisi.
3 Dị ka ọ dị mkpa osisi, ndị na-ebu rọba ike gwụrụ na-eburu ya n’elu ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ma dọba ha n’ihe a na-ebu agbụ ígwè na-ebuga ha n’ígwè a na-adọba ụgbọala.Igwe a na-ewepụ ogbugbo ahụ, ma ọ bụ jiri wiil ndị na-egweri eze dị nkọ ma ọ bụ jiri ụgbọ mmiri nke mmiri dị elu, ebe log ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbagharị n'akụkụ ogologo ogologo ya.
4 A na-ebuga osisi ndị ahụ e mebiri emebi n'ime igwe ihe n'elu ihe a na-ebu agbụ ebe nnukwu ahịhịa okirikiri na-egbutu ha n'ime ihe dịka 8 ft-4 na (2.5 m) ruo 8 ft-6 na (2.6 m) ogologo, dabara adaba maka ịme ọkọlọtọ 8 ft. (2.4m) ogologo mpempe akwụkwọ.A maara ngalaba ndekọ ndị a dị ka ngọngọ peeler.
5 Tupu e gbutuo ihe mkpuchi ahụ, a ga-ekpochasị ihe mgbochi peeler ma tinye ya ka ọ dị nro.Enwere ike fesa ihe mgbochi ndị ahụ n'ime mmiri ọkụ.Usoro a na-ewe 12-40 awa dabere na ụdị osisi, dayameta nke ngọngọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
6 A na-ebuga ihe mgbochi peeler ahụ ọkụ na lathe peeler, ebe a na-edozi ya ozugbo wee tinye ya n'ime lathe ahụ otu otu.Dị ka lathe na-agbagharị ngọngọ ngwa ngwa banyere ogologo axis ya, agụba mma zuru oke na-ehichapụ mpempe akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu site n'elu ihe mgbochi na-agbagharị na ọsọ 300-800 ft/min (90-240 m/min).Mgbe a na-ebelata dayameta nke ngọngọ ahụ ruo ihe dịka 3-4 in (230-305 mm), nke fọdụrụ n'osisi, nke a maara dị ka peeler core, na-esi na lathe ahụ pụta ma tinye ihe mgbochi peeler ọhụrụ n'ime ebe.
7 Enwere ike ịhazi ogologo mpempe akwụkwọ mkpuchi nke na-apụta site na / peeler lathe ozugbo, ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịchekwa ya na trays ogologo ma ọ bụ ọnya n'elu mpịakọta.N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, usoro ọzọ na-agụnye ịbelata veneer n'ime obosara ndị a na-eji eme ihe, na-emekarị ihe dịka 4 ft-6 na (1.4 m), maka ịmepụta ọkọlọtọ 4 ft (1.2 m) n'obosara plywood.N'otu oge ahụ, nyocha ngwa anya na-achọ ngalaba nwere ntụpọ na-adịghị anakwere, a na-ewepụkwa ndị a, na-ahapụ ihe na-erughị obosara ọkọlọtọ nke veneer.
A na-emerụ ibe ndị ahụ mmiri mmiri n'ime mpịakọta, ebe nyocha anya na-achọpụta ntụpọ ọ bụla na-adịghị anabata n'ime osisi.Ozugbo a mịrị amị, a na-edozi ihe mkpuchi ahụ ma kpokọta ya.A na-ejikọta akụkụ nke veneer ahọpụtara ọnụ.A na-eji igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ihe mkpuchi ahụ n'ime otu mpempe plywood siri ike, nke a ga-akpụcha ya na ájá tupu ejiri akara ya kwesịrị ekwesị machie ya.
8 A na-ahazi akụkụ nke veneer wee chịkọta ya dabere na ọkwa.Enwere ike iji aka mee nke a, ma ọ bụ mee ya na-akpaghị aka site na iji nyocha anya.
9 A na-etinye akụkụ ndị a haziri n'ime igwe nkụ iji belata mmiri ha ma mee ka ha daa tupu ha ejikọta ọnụ.Ọtụtụ igwe ihe igwe plywood na-eji igwe igwe nkụ nke iberibe ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'ọnụ ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ.N'ime igwe nkụ ụfọdụ, a na-efesa ụgbọ elu nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ dị elu n'elu iberibe iji mee ka usoro ihicha dị ngwa.
10 Ka akụkụ nke veneer na-apụta site na igwe nkụ, a na-achịkọta ha dịka ọkwa si dị.Akụkụ dị n'okpuru obosara nwere ihe mkpuchi ọzọ ejiri teepu ma ọ bụ gluu wee mee iberibe dabara adaba maka iji n'ime ime ụlọ ebe ọdịdị na ike adịghị mkpa.
11 A na-egbutu akụkụ ndị ahụ nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ a ga-etinye n’ụzọ gafere—isi nke dị n’ibé mpempe akwụkwọ atọ, ma ọ bụ eriri n’ibé mpempe akwụkwọ ise—na-adị ihe dị ka mita 1.3 n’ogologo.
12 Mgbe a na-achịkọta akụkụ ndị kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ maka otu ụzọ e si wụnye plywood, usoro nke ịtọkọ na ijikọta iberibe ahụ na-amalite.Enwere ike iji aka mee nke a site na iji igwe ma ọ bụ ọkara-akpaghị aka.N'ihe dị mfe nke mpempe akwụkwọ atọ, a na-edobe ihe mkpuchi azụ ma na-agba ọsọ site na mgbasa nke gluu, nke na-etinye akwa nke gluu n'elu elu.A na-edobe akụkụ ndị dị mkpirikpi nke isi veneer n'ụzọ gafere n'elu nke a na-ejikọta azụ, na mpempe akwụkwọ dum na-agba ọsọ site na gluu nke ugboro abụọ.N'ikpeazụ, a na-edobe ihe mkpuchi ihu n'elu isi nke glued, a na-etinyekwa mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na mpempe akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-echere ịbanye na mpempe akwụkwọ.
13 A na-ebunye mpempe akwụkwọ nke glued n'ime igwe ọkụ ọkụ na-emeghe ọtụtụ.presses nwere ike ijikwa mpempe akwụkwọ 20-40 n'otu oge, na-ebunye mpempe akwụkwọ ọ bụla na oghere dị iche.Mgbe a na-ebufe akwụkwọ niile, ndị nta akụkọ na-ejikọta ha ọnụ n'okpuru nrụgide nke ihe dịka 110-200 psi (7.6-13.8 bar), ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ nke ihe dịka 230-315 ° F (109.9-157.2 °). C).Nrụgide ahụ na-emesi mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti akwa mkpuchi mkpuchi, na okpomọkụ na-eme ka gluu gwọọ nke ọma maka ike kachasị.Mgbe oge nke 2-7 nkeji gachara, a na-emeghe akwụkwọ akụkọ ma na-ebupụ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.
14 Ibé akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-esighị ike gabigazie n’ihe e ji ígwè rụọ, bụ́ ndị na-akpụzi ha ruo n’obosara na ogologo ha.Mpempe akwụkwọ ọkwa dị elu na-agafe n'ụdị akpụkpọ ụkwụ obosara nke 4 ft (1.2 m), nke na-agba ma ihu na azụ.A na-eji aka na-ahụ mpempe akwụkwọ dị n'etiti etiti aja iji hichaa ebe ndị siri ike.A na-esi n'osisi ịkwọ ahịhịa dị okirikiri, bụ́ ndị na-egbutu oghere ndị na-emighị emi n'ihu iji mee ka plywood nwee ọdịdị ọdịdị.Mgbe nyocha ikpeazụ gasịrị, a na-edozi ntụpọ ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ.
15 A na-eji akara akara akara nke na-enye ndị na-azụ ihe ozi gbasara ọkwa mkpughe, ọkwa ọkwa, nọmba igwe ihe, na ihe ndị ọzọ.A na-ekekọta mpempe akwụkwọ nke otu akara klaasị n'ime ùkwù wee kwaga n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe iji chere mbupu.
Dị nnọọ ka osisi, ọ dịghị ihe dị ka ihe zuru okè nke plywood.Iberibe plywood niile nwere ntụpọ ụfọdụ.Ọnụ ọgụgụ na ebe ntụpọ ndị a na-ekpebi ọkwa plywood.Akọwapụtara ụkpụrụ maka ihe owuwu na plywood mmepụta ihe site na Product Standard PS1 kwadoro site na National Bureau of Standards na American Plywood Association.ANSIIHPMA HP kọwara ụkpụrụ maka osisi siri ike na ihe eji achọ mma nke American National Standards Institute na otu Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association kwadoro.Ụkpụrụ ndị a abụghị naanị na-eguzobe sistemu grading maka plywood, kamakwa na-akọwapụta ihe owuwu, arụmọrụ, na njirisi ngwa.
Ọ bụ ezie na plywood na-eji osisi eme ihe nke ọma - na-ewepụ ha iche ma na-eweghachi ha ọnụ na nhazi siri ike, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe - a ka nwere nnukwu ihe mkpofu dị na nhazi nhazi.N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọ bụ naanị ihe dịka 50-75% nke oke osisi a na-eji eme ihe na osisi ka a na-atụgharị ka ọ bụrụ plywood.Iji meziwanye ọnụ ọgụgụ a, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ.
Otu ngwaahịa ọhụrụ a na-akpọ bọọdụ strand oriented, nke a na-eme site n'ibibie osisi ahụ dum n'ime eriri, kama ịpụpụ veneer n'osisi ahụ ma tụfuo isi ya.A na-ejikọta eriri ndị ahụ na nrapado na mpikota onu n'ime akwa na ọka na-agba ọsọ n'otu ntụziaka.A na-edobe akwa akwa ndị a abịakọrọ n'otu akụkụ ziri ezi, dị ka plywood, ma jikọta ya ọnụ.bọọdụ eriri agbakwasara ahụ siri ike dị ka plywood ma ọ na-efu ntakịrị.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-10-2021